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Hopkins Researchers Find Tourette Drug Has Unexpeded Effect (March 19, 2001) — A new study by Johns Hopkins Children’s Center neurologists suggests that baclofen, a drug long thought to be effective in reducing the vocal and motor tics associated with Tourette syndrome, … > read more

New Treatment Holds Promise For Tourette Syndrome (November 13, 2007) — Deep brain stimulation helps patients who suffer from Tourette Syndrome, according to a new article. This first-of-its-kind study of five adults with TS determined that DBS can reduce tic frequency … > read more

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His theory provided many central concepts in the field of developmental psychology and concerned the growth of intelligence, which for Piaget, meant the ability to more accurately represent the world, and perform logical operations on representations of concepts grounded in the world.

The theory concerns the emergence and acquisition of schemata - schemes of how one perceives the world - in “developmental stages”, times when children are acquiring new ways of mentally representing information.

The theory is considered “constructivist”, meaning that, unlike nativist theories (which describe cognitive development as the unfolding of innate knowledge and abilities) or empiricist theories (which describe cognitive development as the gradual acquisition of knowledge through experience), it asserts that we construct our cognitive abilities through self-motivated action in the world..

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In a form of synesthesia known as grapheme to color synesthesia, letters or numbers may be perceived as inherently colored, while in ordinal linguistic personification, numbers, days of the week and months of the year evoke personalities.

Many people with synesthesia use their experiences to aid in their creative process, and many non-synesthetes have attempted to create works of art that may capture what it is like to experience synesthesia.

Psychologists and neuroscientists study synesthesia not only for its inherent interest, but also for the insights it may give into cognitive and perceptual processes that occur in everyone, synesthete and non-synesthete alike..

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Suicide is sometimes used as a noun for one who has committed or attempted the act.

Suicidal ideation frequently results from the experience of pain outweighing the individual’s coping strategies and resources for dealing with that pain..

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The term cot death is often used in the United Kingdom, and crib death in North America.

SIDS is responsible for roughly 50 deaths per 100,000 births in the U.S.

Recent research has found that babies who die of sudden infant death syndrome may have abnormalities in the part of the brain that helps control functions like breathing, blood pressure and arousal..

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Not Every Stutterer Is A Problem Case: Over-reacting Can Make Stuttering Worse (February 17, 2006) — If a child often stops in the middle of a sentence and repeats individual sounds or syllables, this does not inevitably mean that the child is a stutterer. A lot of repetitions, pauses or fillers are … > read more

Stuttering More Than Talk – Research Shows Brain’s Role In Disorder (July 23, 2004) — New research from Purdue University shows that even when people who stutter are not speaking, their brains process language … > read more

New Approach Helps Stuttering Children Cope With Bullying, Teasing (January 31, 2005) — A new book from a Purdue University speech-language pathologist says more needs to be done to address the bullying that often results in more anxiety for children who stutter than the speech disorder … > read more

Study Ties Stuttering To Anatomical Differences In The Brain (July 31, 2001) — Stuttering has been long thought to be caused by emotional factors, but researchers who studied adults with persistent stuttering found that these individuals had anatomical irregularities in the … > read more

Childhood Apraxia Of Speech Cases On The Rise (October 30, 2007) — Speech pathologists report an increasing number of patients diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech, a motor speech disorder in which children have difficulty saying basic sounds and words. As a … > read more

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Children Born Prematurely Remain At Risk For Educational Underachievement At Age 10 (October 4, 2000) — Children born extremely prematurely are 3 to 4 times more likely to be educational underachievers than children born at or near full term, a study by University at Buffalo researchers has shown. … > read more

Treating ADHD In Preschoolers — Without Medication (October 2, 2001) — Children with ADHD often are given medication such as Ritalin to control the inattention, hyperactivity and poor behavior that characterizes the disorder. A Lehigh University research team will … > read more
Science Student Gender Gap: A Continuing Challenge (June 17, 2007) — Interactive classes don’t necessarily solve the performance imbalance between the genders in physics classes, according to a new study that stands in stark contrast to previous physics education … > read more

Television Can Enhance Children’s Intellectual Development, Study Finds (September 24, 2001) — Television is so commonly criticized as being bad for children that an important fact sometimes gets overlooked: some types of television viewing may actually enhance children’s intellectual … > read more

Nonmedicinal Treatment Touted For Preschoolers With ADHD (August 22, 2007) — Non-medicinal interventions are highly effective in preventing the behavioral and academic problems associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), according to a five-year study.The … > read more

They are large informal groupings of individuals and/or organizations focused on specific political or social issues, in other words, on carrying out, resisting or undoing a social change.

Modern social movements became possible through education (the wider dissemination of literature), and increased mobility of labour due to the industrialisation and urbanisation of 19th century societies.

The freedom of expression, education and relative economic independence prevalent in the modern Western culture is responsible for the unprecedented number and scope of various contemporary social movements..

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There has been much recent interest in the links between social cognition and brain function, particularly as neuropsychological studies have shown that brain injury (particularly to the frontal lobes) can adversely affect social judgements and interaction.

People diagnosed with certain mental illnesses are also known to show differences in how they process social information.

There is now an expanding research field examining how such conditions may bias cognitive processes involved in social interaction, or conversely, how such biases may lead to the symptoms associated with the condition. It is also becoming clear that some aspects of psychological processes that promote social behaviour (such as face recognition) may be innate.

Studies have shown that newborn babies, younger than one hour old can selectively recognize and respond to faces, while people with some developmental disorders such as autism or Williams syndrome may show differences in social interaction and social communication when compared to their unaffected peers..

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Sleep disorders include: Bruxism; delayed sleep phase syndrome; insomnia: jet lag or desynchronosis; narcolepsy; night terror; parasomnias; periodic limb movement disorder; rapid eye movement behavior disorder; restless legs syndrome; shift work sleep disorder; sleep apnea; sleep paralysis; sleepwalking or somnambulism; snoring. Treatments for sleep disorders generally can be grouped into three categories: 1) behavioral/ psychotherapeutic treatments, 2) medications, and 3) other somatic treatments.

None of these general approaches is sufficient for all patients with sleep disorders.

Rather, the choice of a specific treatment depends on the patient’s diagnosis, medical and psychiatric history, and preferences, as well as the expertise of the treating clinician.

In general, medications and somatic treatments provide more rapid symptomatic relief from sleep disturbances.

On the other hand, some emerging evidence suggests that treatment gains with behavioral treatment of insomnia may be more durable than those obtained with medications. Some sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy, are best treated pharmacologically, whereas others, such as chronic and primary insomnia, are more amenable to behavioral interventions.

The management of sleep disturbances that are secondary to mental, medical, or substance abuse disorders should focus on the underlying conditions. For most sleep disorders, behavioral/psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches are not incompatible and can be effectively combined to maximize therapeutic benefits. A sleep diary can be used to help diagnose, and measure improvements in sleep disorders..

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